The objective of this study is to detect the presence of cephalosporin and quinolone resistance in pathogenic (isolates from clinical samples), commensals (isolated from perianal swabs) and environmental E.coli (from hospital-associated waste-water and fresh-water collections in the vicinity of hospitals). Two geographical areas are included in this study; a rural and an urban hospital in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh and St. John’s Medical College Hospital in Bangalore. Molecular mechanisms of resistance in E.coli from two hospitals located in the same geographical area.